In patients with burdensome symptoms of plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy, methotrexate is a standard drug. If this is insufficiently effective, an immunosuppressant of the TNF-alpha inhibitor class (a "biologic" drug administered by injection) is an option. Overall, immunosuppressants of the interleukin inhibitor class, administered subcutaneously (also classified as biologic drugs), are more effective than TNF-alpha inhibitors in reducing or clearing lesions in the short term, but there are less long-term data on their use. Apremilast, an orally-administered immunosuppressant of the phosphodiesterase type-4 inhibitor class, has not been shown to represent a therapeutic advance. All of these drugs can cause sometimes serious adverse effects, including infections and cancers
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